Wednesday, January 29, 2020

Trees and the Nexus

Source: https://media.treehugger.com/assets/images/2019/07/angeltree.jpg.1200x0_q70_crop-smart.jpg

“He that plants trees loves others besides himself.”
—Thomas Fuller

A tree is something that outlives us, and offers its full benefit to people we may never meet. Planting trees is a gift to the future.
Source https://i.ytimg.com/vi/p-meNEblN0E/maxresdefault.jpg
What is a tree? It is a living being that transforms solar energy into valuable materials that form the base of the food chain, including fruits, nuts, roots, bark, wood, and leaves. All of these materials are embodied energy - their chemical energy can be transformed into metabolic energy by digestion, into methane by methanogenic bacteria, and the methane or raw material can be transformed into kinetic energy (heat) when burned.

Source: https://s3-production.bobvila.com/articles/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Burning_Leaves.jpg
Natural wooded areas provide important habitat for wild pollinator species, whose services improve the productivity of many species of food crops. Additionally, honeybees provide food in the form of pollen, honey, and royal jelly.
Source: https://media.sciencephoto.com/c0/46/27/33/c0462733-800px-wm.jpg
Leaves and woody detritus build soil as they decompose. Soil is more precious than we often consider, building up over millennia where once was barren rock, a carpet of life. Tree roots stabilize slopes while holding soil in place. Soil is itself a rich biotic community, filled with fungi, bacteria, and decomposers like worms and insects that keep the wheel of life turning and transform death into a fertile new beginning.
Source: https://cdn8.dissolve.com/p/D256_49_152/D256_49_152_1200.jpg
Trees purify water, as rain and runoff percolate through roots and soil. Forests also create a microclimate: leaves evapotranspirate moisture, which is captured by the tall forest canopy and rains back down, where moisture is held in the soil. This is one reason rainforests are so valuable - but once they are cut down, the microclimate is no longer wet enough to generate rain forest conditions, and savannah prevails. This in turn affects water held below the soil in aquifers, and watersheds that feed rivers. Rain runs off rapidly over land surface without vegetation to slow it, making rivers flood more easily and carrying valuable soil, sediment, and pollution into waterways. Forests and rivers are intimately connected.
Source: https://savesutro.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/forest-6.png
Trees also purify the atmosphere. Trees sequester carbon (as does soil!) while generating oxygen. Oxygen is used in common by us all, and by all forms of life.

Source: https://www.sbs.com.au/topics/sites/sbs.com.au.topics/files/styles/full/public/black-forest-1476021_1280.jpg?itok=WSdPNnUt&mtime=1476231158
Trees are a source of food and habitat; as they grow they become like cities, inhabited by birds, mammals, salamanders, frogs, arthropods, snakes, and even aquatic communities such as thrive in mangrove forests. Trees are home and shelter, refuge and nourishment. When trees die and fall, they become nurse logs as seeds drift down upon them and are nurtured by the rotting wood.
Source: https://i.redd.it/7ewbo9rntvl21.jpg
To plant a tree is to love life and all living things.

Source: https://www.paulmarcellini.com/images/xl/IMG_8249lab.jpg

Saturday, January 25, 2020

The FEW Nexus and the Primal Chaos of renewal


It took me a second, but I finally see the parallel between creating 3-dimensional computer renderings of natural places like Rosebud Continuum with the three axes (x, y, and z) of the coordinate planes, which correspond to the three components of the FEW Nexus (food, energy, and water). Being able to rotate our point of view in a 3-D landscape could be compared to being able to see the interdependencies between the systems that provide food, water and energy to humanity from multiple angles, changing the emphasis between how these systems compete with one another to how they mutually support one another as we shift our point of view. Using biodigesters as a symbol and demonstration of the FEW Nexus (since water nurtures food systems, food waste nurtures energy systems by decomposing into biogas, and energy systems close the loop by nurturing soil - and thus food systems – through compost, while also protecting water systems from polluted runoff by replacing chemical fertilizer), is satisfyingly compact. It takes a complicated idea and places it into the symbol of the Dragon, which can then be unpacked and related to other FEW Nexuses. It also excels at showing how waste is not an end-product: it's the fuel that turns the wheel of mutual generation! Waste is the necessary link between all the axes, the zero point, the Origin.
Psychological fertility also comes from turning repressed feelings and experiences (our waste) into insight and resiliency via a metaphorical alchemical transmutation, at least according to the Jungian school of thought (Hoeller, 1988). Waste becomes the breath of the Dragon, or creativity, when transformed in the darkness of the Unconscious mind and then allowed to be reborn. The ancient alchemists thought that we could make ourselves immortal being turning that which we despise and reject into incorruptible gold through a mysterious processes of digestion, fermentation, separation, cycling, and reunification. I am fairly certain that they were inspired by agriculture, and the observation that dung, allowed to go through a composting process and then spread on fields, caused new life to sprout more vigorously. I started thinking about all that when I was pondering the usefulness of intrinsic motivation when it comes to creative thought. Nobody ever invented something or created a great work of art because, and only because, there was a paycheck waiting. Creative thought is a metaphorical product of digestion, the food in this case being our concrete experiences, our interactions with others, and our processing of abstract information. The world feeds our minds, and we feed the world. In contrast, being paid for pre-defined outcomes of our labor yields only more of what has already been done.
One mysterious thing about the creativity of the zero point is that in it, there is no time as we normally experience it. Rather than sequence, we have synthesis and transformation. Waste, in this case conceived as "wasted time," is the fertile primal chaos that nourishes the seeds of the information we've absorbed. We all enter the zero point when we sleep, but I think we are also in it when we play. Thus it makes sense that, as mentioned in the classroom lecture (January 23, 2020), play is the way mammals learn. It also makes sense that fixed due dates for projects are less than useful; digestion takes as long as it takes. We also need to be in touch with our immediate, physical lives. The zero point is Now, and it is Here. Right now I'm petting a cat who is curled up like an Ouroboros, and beyond any word or image I put in my consciousness, contact with life tells me I am alive, the world is alive, and the great overturning in the cold of winter has a secret in its roots.
In the book Cradle to Cradle, (Braungart & McDonough, 2019) the linear and siloed method of production typical of industrialized societies is shown as culminating in the graveyard of the landfill. So many raw materials and so much human labor spent in extraction, refinement, assembly, and transportation of goods are squandered in brief enjoyment of the consumer good, followed by a true death rather than any kind of reuse. Many of the components of our modern consumer goods are inedible - food for nothing - or too expensive to be worth taking apart and reusing. Moreover, the industrial processes that create the good produce waste that is never used as an input to another process.
But in natural cycles, every form of waste is food for something else. What is the difference between human production and natural production? Nature is populated by species that coevolved, adapted both to their environments and to one another, such that nothing was wasted – everything in the environment is treated as components of an exploitable niche, and given millions of years, something will evolve to occupy it. Humans treat their activities as aloof from this system, but we don't have to. We could create our own ecology amongst our various firms, so that one process's waste becomes fuel for another. We can design goods with the reuse of their components explicitly planned out. Then, every ending becomes the seeds of a new beginning.

Image Source: images.curiator.com/images/t_l/art/on13cu6fcoyrokt7f7oj/george-ripley-lindorm-dragon-from-the-alchemical-scrolls-of-sir-george-ripley-15th-century.jpg

Braungart, M., & McDonough, W. (2019). Cradle to cradle: remaking the way we make things. London: Vintage.
Hoeller, S. A. (1988, Summer). C. G. Jung and the Alchemical Renewal. Gnosis: A Journal of Western Inner Traditions8. Retrieved from http://gnosis.org/jung_alchemy.htm

Thursday, January 16, 2020

My name is Oluwa Jackson, and I'm living in the Seattle, WA area. We're experiencing a rare blizzard, and local schools and colleges are closed. I'm posting right now because high winds are expected to knock out power this evening, and when that happens that usually means us. I work as a ski instructor, so usually snow is great news - unfortunately the highway to one of our local resorts is closed in both directions due to an uncleared obstacle, and the freeway to our other mountain was so sketchy that I drove part-way to the hill yesterday and then thought better of it and came home (passing a wreck as I did so). What does snow have to do with the water-food-energy nexus, you ask? In this part of the world, a lot. We rely on mountain snowpack to feed our rivers during our yearly summer drought (which has been getting worse in recent years). So, the three feet of snow we got in the mountains over the weekend is great news for our salmon runs as well as our hydroelectric dams. Hydropower is Washington's top source of renewable energy by far, as you can see in the graph below, and supplies most of the state's electricity. We had a late winter this year - less than a month ago you could still see grass poking through the snow - so on the one hand the city was virtually shut down by the weather for a couple of days, but on the other hand we're relieved that snow is finally here.
My undergraduate degree was in Sustainable Practices, making Global Sustainability the perfect Masters program for me. My focuses as an undergrad were on Green Infrastructure (using strategic planting and permeable paving to slow and filter stormwater) and Permaculture (a style of food cultivation that is as far from industrial monoculture as I think it's possible to get, taking a holistic view of the local climate, culture, water and land in order to plan mixed living and farming communities). The Pacific Northwest is a great place to create this style of community, as our river valleys have rich volcanic soil for cultivation, our climate is mild enough for winter crops, and it's easy to find local sources of compost so that chemical fertilizers aren't needed. The drawback is the need for constant weeding of invasive species, which love it here just as much as our cultivars do.
Water, food and energy are overtly intertwined in the Pacific NW. Our salmon runs depend on our rivers, but so does our energy production. Hydroelectric dams have driven some our salmon runs extinct; some large projects such as the Elwha Dam have finally been removed under pressure from local tribes, bring their traditional source of food back to their lands. Agriculture is plentiful here, but agricultural runoff stresses aquatic life through eutrophication. Transportation is a major energy consumer in King County; however contaminant deposition on roadways washes into waterways, and is the top source of pollution in Puget Sound. The Sound and our coastline are an important source of seafood such as oysters and mussels, which are damaged by water pollution. On top of that, our shellfish industry is being threatened by ocean acidification, which prevents shellfish larvae from forming shells. Our oceans are being acidified by CO2, emissions of which are increased by fossil fuel energy generation. Everything is connected: land and sea, mountains and rivers, water and atmosphere; our lives here demonstrate that every day. I hope this class (and this degree) will help me address concerns that affect food, water and energy systems in a way that improves their interdependency and discourages their mutual harm.

Tuesday, January 14, 2020

Systems Thinking is the Key to Sustainable Resource Use

Source: https://www.water-energy-food.org/fileadmin/user_upload/files/2016/graphics/grafik_nexus-planetengetriebe.jpg

This blog documents my journey through the class Navigating the Food, Water, and Energy Nexus, which is taught by Dr. Culhane at the University of South Florida.

Growing food requires inputs, notably of water and energy in the form of fertilizer, cultivation, processing, packaging, and shipping. Growing food in turn impacts the local water supply through runoff, which may contain nutrients and pesticides, which in turn affect the food chain. When the price of energy goes up, the price of food goes up. When the water supply is affected by weather conditions like flood or drought, or when groundwater levels are depleted, our food security is threatened.

Water is used to generate electricity, either directly through hydropower, wave, or tidal energy generation systems, or indirectly as fission, combustion, or some other source of heat use water to make steam, which in turn spins turbines. Water quality can be affected by the extraction of energy sources such as coal and natural gas; fracking in particular is highly water-consumptive, and coal mining is particularly polluting. Waste heat carried by water from power plants into waterways can damage ecosystems by reducing the amount of dissolved oxygen present, which affects animal life. In turn, energy is used to pump water. This is part of agricultural energy consumption, since it takes energy to pump water to farms that use it for irrigation. Desalinating seawater or treating sewage also consumes energy while increasing the supply of fresh water that is available for human use.

The interdependency of our food, water and energy supply, as well as their impact on the environment through impacts such as pollution emissions and global climate change, shows that you can never do just one thing when it comes to life systems. Everything from sun to soil, from resource stocks to waste sinks, from generation to reclamation, is interconnected. Systems thinking allows us to analyze not just chains of cause-and-effect, but also the feedback loops that moderate or exaggerate interactions over time.

Understanding systems and how their components interrelate will allow humanity to evolve and develop sustainably. Life's patterns tend to be mutually nourishing and cyclical. Working with these patterns allows human behavior to enhance rather than degrade the systems we are part of.